real conditions
present
if you heat water to 100℃, it boils.
conditions> simple present result> simple present
future
if it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the park.
conditions> present result> future
unreal conditions = dreams, not likely to happen
present
if i won the lottery, i would buy a house.
conditions> simple past result> would + base verb
*was>were
past
if he had studied harder, he would have passed his test.
conditions> past perfect (had + p.p.) result> would + have + p.p.
*wouldn’t
mixed
i could speak four languages if i had born in Netherlands.
conditions> past perfect (had + p.p.) result> would/could + base verb
providing / as long as / if
unless / if not
even if
wish, regret
i wish + had + p.p.
if only + i had + p.p.
i + should have + p.p.
its a pity + i + past simple
i + regret + verb-ing
my superlative + regret + is + cause / verb-ing
relative clause
defining things> that
n defining things> which
people> who
possession> whose
d,n : change the mean> define
p.94 vocabulary
for real : actually
the real world : what happens in real life
distort reality : change things so that they are no longer true
bear no relation to reality : aren’t at all like the real situation
the real thing : something that is authentic and genuine, not a fake
in realty : the true situation is
no longer : Not anymore, no more
genuine : real, true
p.95 vocabulary
expose : t with no protection of shield
face : t
learn : t
make up : lie
reveal : t ≒ expose
stretch : lie ≒ bend
tell : t or lie
p.100.101 vocabulary
not to mention : as well as
appreciate : understand
informed : told
several : lots of
therefore : accordingly
extremely dissatisfied : really fed up
more over : also
with regard to : about
telephoned : called
p.102 vocabulary
precedent n , precedented adj : past example
symbol n , symbolic adj : statue
region n , regional adj : area
globe n , global adj : earth
prosperity n , prosperous adj : welfare
comparison n , comparable : compare
inspiration n , inspirational adj : spark, flash
possibility n , possible adj : able
architecture n , architectural : building
p.104 vocabulary
rise : a bird, a cake, a problem, prices, salaries, stress, tension, the sun, the temperature, your spirits, your voice
recharge > your batteries
reconsider > a decision
recycle > newspaper
refill > a cup
refuel > a plane
re-release > a CD
reschedule > a meeting
reset > a machine
resit > an exam
p.105 vocabulary
look after : care for
come across : find
give back : return
think over : think about
pick up : take
die down : stop slowly
set off : leave, begin
stand for : represent, symbolize
p.108 vocabulary
lurch : to move suddenly in an uncontrolled way
loose his balance : to be able to stand and stay steady
land : to come down to a surface after falling through the air
collapse : to fall down suddenly
trip over : to hit your foot on something and fall
slip : to move quickly across a surface
p.114 vocabulary
cry your eyes out : a lots
burst into tears : suddenly
weep with joy
cry tears of rage / frustration : anger
be bored to tears
cry with laughter
p.117 vocabulary
grief : strong sadness
swollen : increased in size
